Explaining ‘Imperialism’

Due to the numerous countries involved and the reprehensibility of the act, the phenomenon of imperialism has often gone unexplained and untaught. This essay provides a basic working definition and explanation as to why and how imperialism came about.

Nixon and the Vietnam War: The Failures of Foreign-Policy

Richard Nixon was the fourth president to deal with the crisis, and introduced a policy of “Vietnamization”. This article assesses the shortcomings of this, along with other policies, during the perilous conflict from 1969-1975.

A Series of Missed Opportunities? Taking a Closer Look at Détente during the Cold War

“Détente” refers to the apparent easing of hostility and strained relations between the U.S. and U.S.S.R during the period 1969-1980. This essay explores whether this was the case, or if “détente” covered up more inconspicuous conflicts.

The Forgotten Memories of Al-Andalus: Re-Examining What Conversion to Islam Meant in 9th-Century Cordoba.

Al-Andalus referred to the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula which, at its height, most of the peninsula and part of present-day southern France for nearly an entire century. But this side to Spain’s history has been almost completely forgotten and this essay attempts to recollect its memories by analysing what it meant to convert to Islam during this period.

What did Islam mean to medieval Muslims?

Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that teaches that God is all-powerful, all-merciful, and has guided humanity through prophets (with Muhammad being the last), revealed scriptures (the Qur’an), and natural signs. This essay will attempt to convey that Islam’s monotheism and core message has survived ever since Muhammad’s prophethood in the 7th-century right until the 21st-century.

The Greatest Liberal President of the 20th-Century? Evaluating the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Franklin Roosevelt is known for being the president to have dragged America through the Great Depression and World War II, as well as being the only president to have been elected four times. This has led him to being named as “the greatest liberal president of the 20th-century”, and this essay evaluates how accurate this statement is.

Clement Attlee and Winston Churchill: Assessing the ‘Post War-Consensus’ After World War II

The “post-war consensus” refers to a period of political cooperation between the major parties (Labour and Conservative) from the end of WWII through to the late-1970s, with Margaret Thatcher’s accession to Prime Ministership. This article examines the extent to which there was a “postwar consensus”.

The Phenomenon of ‘Turning Turk’ in the Mediterranean

This article examines the cultural contact between English pirates and the Mediterranean, and the fascinating notion of “turning Turk” – a phrase coined in Europe to describe Christo-European pirates who renounced Christianity for Islam in the Mediterranean.